# Article Overview
This comprehensive guide examines critical security threats in blockchain infrastructure, spanning smart contract vulnerabilities and cryptocurrency exchange risks. Since the DAO hack of 2016, smart contract exploits have evolved from simple reentrancy attacks to sophisticated vectors including flash loans and oracle manipulation. The article addresses pressing concerns for developers, traders, and crypto users by analyzing three major attack vectors—reentrancy, flash loans, and oracle manipulation—and counterparty risks inherent in centralized exchanges like Gate. Readers will understand essential security measures, including checks-effects-interactions patterns, proof-of-reserve mechanisms, and self-custody solutions. Ideal for blockchain developers, DeFi participants, and investors seeking to protect assets on Gate and similar platforms, this resource bridges the gap between technical security knowledge and practical risk mitigation strategies within crypto infrastructure.